Equations and Formulas, Part-4
In mathematics an equation is an expression of the shape A = B, where A and B are expressions containing one or several variables called unknowns. An equation looks like an equality, but has a very different meaning: An equality is a mathematical statement that asserts that the left-hand side and the right-hand side of the equals sign (=) are the same or represent the same mathematical object; for example 2 + 2 = 4; is an equality. On the other hand, an equation is not a statement, but a problem consisting in finding the values, called solutions, that, when substituted to the unknowns, transform the equation into an equality. For example, 2 is the unique solution of the equation x + 2 = 4, in which the unknown is x.
Equation may also refer to a relation between some variables that is expressed by the equality of some expressions of their values. For example the equation of the unit circle is x2 + y2 = 1, which means that a point belongs to the circle if and only if its coordinates are related by this equation. Most physical laws are expressed by equations. One of the most popular ones is Einstein's equation E=mc2.
The = symbol was invented by Robert Recorde (1510--1558), who considered that nothing could be more equal than parallel straight lines with the same length.
Centuries ago, the word "equation" frequently meant what we now usually call "correction" or "adjustment". This meaning is still occasionally found, especially in names which were originally given long ago. The "equation of time", for example, is a correction that must be applied to the reading of a sundial in order to obtain mean time, as would be shown by a clock.
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